Fall 2016 - September to December 2016 - Updated 2019-01-29 15:49 EST
Welcome to the vi
family of text editors. It is the universal text editor for the Unix/Linux operating systems.
The stock Unix vi
and the open-source vim
(and various other clone editors such as neovim
, nvi
, elvis
, and stevie
) are all based on the original 1980’s Berkeley vi
program written by Bill Joy (the same guy who wrote the C Shell).
The vi
editor is the standard editor available on most every Unix-derived system, including Unix, Linux, MacOSX, and BSD. Every Unix and Unix-like system has it. Even the embedded software in your home router may have a version installed (e.g. DDWRT, OpenWRT).
How to use this document to learn VIM:
vim
is a plain text editor.vim
version of the vi
editor.vimtutor
command starts a tutorial that teaches you the basics.vi
is a pure (plain) text editor – just text, no fonts, no formatting. It will not edit word-processing documents such as MSWord or OpenOffice or printer-ready documents such as PDF files.
The vi
family of editors can be used on most any terminal, over the slowest of dial-up links. They are pure console terminal-based programs that need no mouse or graphical display screen. Everything is done via the keyboard. (Put your mouse away; you won’t have one at a server text console.)
The name vim
means “Vi IMproved”. It is a rewrite and massive enhancement of the original vi
editor written in the 1980s. You will occasionally come across the old vi
version in embedded or non-Linux systems; the basic editor commands are the same.
Some versions of Linux install a smaller, limited version of vi
as the default editor and you have to explicitly ask for an upgrade to get the full vim
version with all the great features. The command gvim
(if available) starts an X11 GUI-based version of vim
in its own window.
The Linux command vi
is usually a link to vim
; they are the same. Some distributions (e.g. Fedora 12) install a smaller, less feature-filled version of vim
as vi
(e.g. /bin/vi
), but then use system aliases to alias vi
to a larger version with the name vim
(e.g. /usr/bin/vim
), so that you never really know which version you’re getting.
You can find out which version of vim
you’re running using the :version
and :help
commands. (Under Fedora, the smaller vi
version has the wrong help files installed. Use vim
not vi
on Fedora 12.)
This document will assume that vi
and vim
are the same, fully-featured, program. It will use vi
and vim
interchangeably.
vi
– universal, keyboard terminal-based (non-GUI) text editorvim
– vi
text editor, improved version (full features)gvim
– vim
text editor - X11 graphical version (full features) – may not be installedVIM is an easy-to-use but hard-to-learn text editor. It is notoriously difficult to learn, but once learned, is very easy to use.
It took about a month before I could do anything with any proficiency in
vi
and I still didn’t love it, but by then I’d realized that there was an insanely powerful editor hiding behind this bizarre facade. So I stuck with it, and eventually found out that once you know what you’re doing, it’s an incredibly fast editor. […] I never hated any editor as much as I hatedvi
, and now I’ve stuck with it for 17 years because I can no longer imagine a better editor. http://opensource.com/business/16/8/7-reasons-love-vim
The vim
editor is keyboard-based; it doesn’t use the mouse. It doesn’t need the X Windows GUI system to be running; you can use it over a serial line and a dial-up modem.
Similar to learning to touch-type on a keyboard, the vim
editor is difficult to learn but easy to use once you have some mastery of it. Until you get used to it, you will find using vi
awkward. Once you master it, you will easily outperform anyone using a mouse-based editor such as Notepad. Learn the tool!
The single-character command keys used in vi
have found their way into other programs. The bash
shell supports a vi mode for editing command lines, and the less
and more
pager programs (used by the man
command) use vi
commands to move around the screen and search for text.
The vi
editor is incredibly powerful. Most students refuse to learn it well enough to get out of the awkward stage. They go into vi
insert mode and perform all text editing using the arrow and backspace keys, turning vi
into a slower, mouse-less version of Notepad! If you want a Unix/Linux job, learn the editor tool! If you want to use arrow keys, us the Pico
or Nano
editors instead (but don’t expect to get a Linux job).
VIM is a moded text editor; you need to know what mode the program is in before you can start typing text into it. When VIM starts, it treats your keyboard as a command device and every letter you type is a VIM command. (VIM is a poor editor to use if you have cats; the cat walking across your keyboard can change your file in fifteen ways.)
You can get by in VI with knowing how to read in a file, delete and append single characters and lines, and write the file back out. (See the list of “bare minimum” commands, below.)
The more you learn about VI, the faster you will edit files and the better you will look at your job interview. VI skill is essential to you as a Unix/Linux programmer; it is now the universal text editor. (Even Microsoft Windows has versions of VI you can download!)
Almost every letter, upper and lower case, is a VI command. The more you learn, the faster you can edit. While you may begin by learning to delete a word slowly using ten x
commands, eventually you should evolve into knowing how to use the single quick dw
command.
vim
Reference CardIndexDonald Binder created a nice vim
reference card. I’ve enhanced the front side with a few extra commands and clarified some of the wording. Keep a copy of the front side of this reference card handy when learning to use vim
:
vimtutor
IndexOn most Linux/BSD machines, the VIM editor comes with a short online tutorial command vimtutor
available in several languages:
Before you use vimtutor
, set your terminal emulator window to 25 lines by 80 columns. (You can type stty size
or resize
to see the current terminal window size.)
When the terminal window is 80x25, type vimtutor
at a shell prompt.
You can sometimes get the tutorial in French by typing vimtutor fr
and in Spanish by typing vimtutor es
.
You might still be able to find the VIM tutorial even if the vimtutor
command is not installed. Look around; see the appendix below.
Most of what you do in an editor is move around and change text. That means you should always be in command mode in VIM, not INSERT mode. In command mode, your keyboard lets you move around and edit text. In INSERT mode, all you can do easily is type text; moving has to be done with the arrow key and that is very slow.
Do not use the arrow keys to move the cursor – keep your hands on the keyboard “home” row and use the command-mode letters h,j,k,l
instead. The letters don’t require you to move your hands from the home row on your keyboard, and they encourage you to remain in command mode where you can use all the VIM commands.
Constant use of INSERT mode and arrow keys will slow you down and make you look like an amateur.
When you edit a file containing a line of text longer than the width of your VIM window, the long line of text will usually “wrap around” to the beginning of the next line, and keep wrapping onto following lines if the line is really long. One long line will appear to be many lines.
A wrapped line of text is still one line in the file and in the editor; it simply displays as multiple lines on your screen. When you delete the one line, the entire line disappears, including all its wrapped parts.
(You can optionally tell VIM to only display the part of the line that fits in your terminal window, so that you have to scroll to the right to see the rest of the line.)
Because wrapped lines are messy to look at on your screen – it’s easier when every line on the screen is really one line in the file – avoid writing long lines of text. For historical reasons (the number of characters on a punch card!), a line length of no more than 80 characters is still fairly standard. Keep your lines shorter than 80 characters. (VIM can display a column number in it status line.)
VIM comes with hundreds of options that influence how it works. You can set the options at any time; but, to save them and have them used every time you start VIM, you need to put commands into a file named .vimrc
in your HOME directory.
The full vim
editor has help available by typing :help
, e.g. you can type :help showcmd
. This splits your terminal screen and opens up a help file inside vim
for the showcmd
option. To close the help file, just do :q
as you would do to close any open file.
The following are good options that you should set in your .vimrc
file, if VIM does not already have them set for you:
$ cd # go to my HOME directory
$ cat .vimrc # see what is in the file already, if anything
$ echo "set showcmd showmode confirm ruler" >>.vimrc
$ cat .vimrc
set showcmd showmode confirm ruler
The above shell command line appends the options to your .vimrc
file. You only need to do this once; VIM will read the file on start-up. If you execute the above command more than once, you will put multiple copies of the options into the file. This isn’t an error; but, it isn’t necessary either. Edit the file and remove the duplicate lines.
Some people also like to have options set number
and set spell
in their .vimrc
.
If you use a terminal emulator with a dark/black background (e.g. PuTTY), you will find that VIM chooses poor colours for syntax highlighting. In particular, comment lines (starting with hashtag #
) are shown as an unreadable dark blue colour on black.
You can tell VIM to use a different colour scheme for dark terminal backgrounds using either of these commands (which can be put in your .vimrc
too). Pick one or the other:
:set background=dark
:colorscheme desert
Note the American spelling of color. You can get direct help on the colorscheme
command inside VIM, and you can get help on the set
command inside VIM and search for background
in the set
help page.
If you find that your keypad doesn’t work properly inside VI, try turning off “Application Keypad Mode” in your terminal program. In the PuTTY terminal program, you do that under Terminal, Features, Disable application keypad mode: screenshot
All these commands are coverd in the vimtutor
tutorial program. You may also look up the meaning of these VI/VIM commands on your reference sheet:
ESC
a i x dd
h j k l
:help
:r file
:w file
:q
:q!
The above commands will perform most any edit on any file you have. All the other things in VI simply make the editing faster and get you better marks (and a better job) in less time. Any job interview will ask you to edit a file and watch how proficient you are at making changes.
Some of the other VI commands make the editing much, much faster. Compare dd
(delete a whole line) with typing 80 x
commands, or :1,$s/idallen/alleni/g
to replace every occurence of idallen
with alleni
in the whole file using a single global search and replace!
Use any of the online tutorials to learn more.
Other useful things to know in VI, in vague order of importance:
u ^R -- undo and redo
p P -- put (after yank or delete)
/search string -- search for pattern in file
. -- repeat last change
r -- replace one character
o O -- start a new, empty input line
5dd 10x -- repeat counts on most commands
0 ^ $ H L M -- position cursor on screen
A I -- insert text at end/start of line
U -- undo all changes on current line
cc s -- change current line, current char
f F -- move forward/backward to character
!! -- pipe text into any Unix command
:1,$s/pattern/new text/g -- global search and replace
:set showcmd -- show partial commands in status line
:set showmode -- show INPUT mode
:set confirm -- ask before quitting modified buffer
:set ruler -- show current file position
:set autoindent -- auto-indent lines of code
:set wrapmargin=5 -- wrap input text at column 75
:set number -- show buffer with line numbers
:syntax off -- turn off syntax highlighting
:$r file -- read file in at end of buffer
:$r! program -- read standard output of executing program
The VIM tutoral has details on many of these commands.
vim
basicsvi/vim
editor features.vi/vim
You can send any number of lines from your editor buffer into the standard input of any command. The command may process those lines and the output of the command will replace the lines in the editor buffer. The command you run doesn’t even need to read standard input; the output of the command will replace the lines in the editor buffer.
!Gwc
wc
and replaces all the lines with the output of wc
wc
disappears and the original lines return.)!Gsum
sum
and replaces all the lines with the output of sum
sum
disappears and the original lines return.)!Gsort
sort
command.!!date
date
command.ls -li /etc/passwd*
bash
by typing this six-character command followed by [Enter]: !!bash
!!
) into the bash
shell programbash
shell executes the commands it is reading on standard input and the output goes on standard output, into the editorls
command replacing the lineYou can record any simple or complex sequence of editor commands into a single-letter macro that you can re-execute. Recorded macros are not saved when you exit the editor, but you can save them yourself by defining them in your .vimrc
file.
We will define a macro that adds stars after the fourth colon character in a line.
/etc/passwd
into the current directory. Open the copy of the file in the vim
editor.gg
q
by typing qq
that will turn on the recording flag in the bottom line status bar. You are now recording all the vim
commands you are typing into buffer q
. Do these exact commands:
4f:
a*** ESC
The first line of the file should now have three asterisks in it, located after the fourth colon character.q
that turns off the recording flag. The recording flag should be gone from the status bar at the bottom of your screen. Macro q
is ready to use.@q
Note how the macro executes the same editor commands and makes the same change to this line.@q
Note how the macro makes the same change after the sixth colon, because it moves forward four colons from your current position.You can record macros that make extremely complex changes to a file and then make those same changes in other parts of the file using the macro.
You can view or modify the contents of any recorded macro:
GoESC
"qp
(that is just one double quote character at the start) You should see this: 4f:a*** ^[
Fancy Macro
. The line should now look like this: 4f:aFancy Macro ^[
q
using four characters: "qyy
(that is just one double quote character at the start)You can dump and modify any macro after you have recorded it.
This section is only for people using VI/VIM over a remote connection. If you use VI/VIM in a Linux terminal window, things usually work fine.
Make sure your terminal is correctly configured before you enter VI remotely! The VI/VIM editors must know how to drive your terminal during an edit session; if you see anything about an “unknown” terminal type when you start up the editor, you must exit immediately and fix the terminal type to be one that VI/VIM recognizes.
Be careful when you resize a window containing a VI/VIM session. A remote session of VI on another machine may not pick up the new window size, and what you see on your screen may get garbled. (If this happens, quit VI, type “resize” at the shell prompt, and restart VI again.)
To be safe, do not change the size of a VI/VIM window when the editor is open in a remote window.
If you use telnet/PuTTY from under Windows to connect to a Unix machine, make sure you have NO SCROLL BARS VISIBLE in your telnet window! Set the correct number of lines and correct terminal type when you start telnet, and don’t change them. (This won’t be a problem for people working from a Unix machine, since Unix is good about passing the window size to VI.)
The “resize” command is useful to set the number of lines correctly after you use telnet
or ssh
to connect to the remote machine:
$ resize
If the command vimtutor
doesn’t work, you will have to locate and copy the tutorial file yourself. On most Unix/Linux machines, you will find the tutorial somewhere under the directories /usr/share/vim*
or /usr/local/share/vim*
, e.g. possibly /usr/share/vim/tutor/tutor
. Different Unix systems put the tutorial in different places; go look for the file named tutor
under the above places.
The VIM tutorial is a file named tutor
under directory /usr/share/vim/vim63/tutor/
on Fedora 12 and under /usr/share/vim/tutor/
on most Linux systems.
The vimtutor
command startes up VIM on a fresh copy of the tutorial file. If you are not using vimtutor
, you must copy the tutorial file into your own directory first:
$ cd
$ cp /usr/share/vim/tutor/tutor tutor # use the actual pathname!
$ vim tutor
Use the actual pathname to the tutor
file on your system. Follow the instructions in the tutorial.
The VIM tutorial was written to be used under various operating systems, including MS-DOS; so, it has one or two MS-DOS specific external commands in it (e.g. there is no DEL
command in Unix – use rm
instead!). Also, if you have set ruler
turned on, the Ctrl-g command will not show your current line number; because, the ruler line already shows it for you.
You can find good “cheat sheets” on VI by searching on the Internet for “vi editor cheat sheet” or “vi editor summary pdf” or “vi reference card”.
I’ve edited the front side to make some of the text clearer and to add some missing “essential” commands such as ^R
(redo). The back side is optional.
You may find these useful. URLs come and go; but, these were working at one point:
There are other reference cards and cheat sheets. Here are a few more:
jedit
or pico
, ultraedit
or textmate
, or even emacs
. But once the effort to learn it has been made, I know of no one who goes back.”vim
vim
input model